Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian and is the most popular free operating system. Ubuntu coverage focuses on its use in that market and is popular on server. Kilauea Mount Etna Mount Yasur Mount Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira Piton de la Fournaise Erta Ale. Raspberry Pi 3 Linux, Raspbian OS. This post is no more updated, please read my two new posts Connect Bluetooth Headset To Raspberry Pi 3 AD2P only Connect Bluetooth Headset To Raspberry Pi 3 A2DP. Search the DistroWatch database for distributions using a particular package. If you are looking for a distribution with the latest kernel, select linux from the. WindowsLinuxLinux. Otherwise I was getting nice image for about 1sec and then very nice and sharp grey stripes. Go figure Mplayer was laggy. I had also slow response time for the. So you are planning to switch from Windows to Linux, or have just switched to Linux, Then, here are the 20 useful Linux commands for Newbies. SMPlayer-1.png' alt='Install Mplayer Debian Wheezy Repository' title='Install Mplayer Debian Wheezy Repository' />Switching From Windows to Nix or a Newbie to Linux. So you are planning to switch from Windows to Linux, or have just switched to Linux Oops what I am askingFor what else reason would you have been here. From my past experience when I was new to Nux, commands and terminal really scared me, I was worried about the commands, as to what extent I have to remember and memorise them to get myself fully functional with Linux. No doubt online documentation, books, man pages and user community helped me a lot but I strongly believed that there should be an article with details of commands in easy to learn and understand language. These Motivated me to Master Linux and to make it easy to use. SMPlayer-02.png' alt='Install Mplayer Debian Wheezy Repository' title='Install Mplayer Debian Wheezy Repository' />My this article is a step towards it. Linux Commands for Newbies. Command ls. The command ls stands for List Directory Contents, List the contents of the folder, be it file or folder, from which it runs. Android Games Music. Pictures Public. Desktop Tecmint. Documents Tec. Mint Sync. Downloads Templates. The command ls l list the content of folder, in long listing fashion. May 8 0. 1 0. 6 Android Games. May 1. 5 1. 0 5. Desktop. May 1. 6 1. 6 4. Documents. May 1. 6 1. 4 3. Downloads. Apr 3. 0 2. 0 5. Music. May 9 1. 7 5. 4 Pictures. May 3 1. 8 4. 4 Tecmint. Apr 3. 0 2. 0 5. Templates. Command ls a, list the content of folder, including hidden files starting with. PI5. VVW. mission control. Hot. Shots . ICEauthority. Xauthority. gconf . Xauthority. HGHVWW. Note In Linux file name starting with. In Linux every filefolderdevicecommand is a file. The output of ls l is d stands for directory. The 1st ravisaive in the above example means that file is owned by user ravisaive. The 2nd ravisaive in the above example means file belongs to user group ravisaive. Bytes. May 8 0. 1 0. And at the end is the name of the FileFolder. For more ls command examples read 1. Command Examples in Linux. Command lsblk. The lsblk stands for List Block Devices, print block devices by their assigned name but not RAM on the standard output in a tree like fashion. NAME MAJ MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT. G 0 disk. sda. 1 8 1 0 4. G 0 part. sda. K 0 part. M 0 part boot. sda. G 0 part SWAP. sda. G 0 part data. sda. G 0 part personal. M 0 rom. The lsblk l command list block devices in list structure not tree like fashion. NAME MAJ MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT. G 0 disk. sda. 1 8 1 0 4. G 0 part. sda. 2 8 2 0 1. K 0 part. sda. 5 8 5 0 1. M 0 part boot. sda. G 0 part SWAP. sda. G 0 part data. sda. G 0 part personal. M 0 rom. Note lsblk is very useful and easiest way to know the name of New Usb Device you just plugged in, especially when you have to deal with diskblocks in terminal. Command md. 5sum. The md. 5sum stands for Compute and Check MD5 Message Digest, md. Note The user can match the generated md. Md. 5sum is considered less secure than sha. Command dd. Command dd stands for Convert and Copy a file, Can be used to convert and copy a file and most of the times is used to copy a iso file or any other file to a usb device or any other location, thus can be used to make a Bootlable Usb Stick. Downloadsdebian. M sync. Note In the above example the usb device is supposed to be sdb. You should Verify it using command lsblk, otherwise you will overwrite your disk and OS, use name of disk very Cautiously Usb stick. Command uname. The uname command stands for Unix Name, print detailed information about the machine name, Operating System and Kernel. Linux tecmint 3. 8. Ubuntu SMP Wed May 1 1. UTC 2. 01. 3 i. 68. GNULinux. Note uname shows type of kernel. Elaborating the above output of uname a. Linux The machines kernel name. The machines node name. The kernel release. Ubuntu SMP The kernel version. The architecture of the processor. GNULinux The operating system name. Command history. The history command stands for History Event Record, it prints the history of long list of executed commands in terminal. Note Pressing Ctrl R and then search for already executed commands which lets your command to be completed with auto completion feature. Command sudo. The sudo super user do command allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy in the sudoers list. Note sudo allows user to borrow superuser privileged, while a similar command su allows user to actually log in as superuser. Sudo is safer than su. It is not advised to use sudo or su for day to day normal use, as it can result in serious error if accidentally you did something wrong, thats why a very popular saying in Linux community is To err is human, but to really foul up everything, you need root password. Command mkdir. The mkdir Make directory command create a new directory with name path. However is the directory already exists, it will return an error message cannot create folder, folder already exists. Note Directory can only be created inside the folder, in which the user has write permission. File existsDont confuse with file in the above output, you might remember what i said at the beginning In Linux every file, folder, drive, command, scripts are treated as file. Command touch. The touch command stands for Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. If the file already exists it will update the timestamp and not the contents of the file. Note touch can be used to create file under directory, on which the user has write permission, only if the file dont exist there. Command chmod. The Linux chmod command stands for change file mode bits. There exist 3 types of permission on a file folder or anything but to keep things simple we will be using file. Read r4. Executex1. So if you want to give only read permission on a file it will be assigned a value of 4, for write permission only, a value of 2 and for execute permission only, a value of 1 is to be given. For read and write permission 42 6 is to be given, ans so on. Now permission need to be set for 3 kinds of user and usergroup. The first is owner, then usergroup and finally world. Here the roots permission is rwx read, write and execute. To change its permission and provide read, write and execute permission to owner, group and world. Note one of the most important command useful for sysadmin and user both. On a multi user environment or on a server, this command comes to rescue, setting wrong permission will either makes a file inaccessible or provide unauthorized access to someone. Command chown. The Linux chown command stands for change file owner and group. Every file belongs to a group of user and a owner. Connect Bluetooth Headset To Raspberry Pi 3. This post will show you how to connect a Bluetooth headset microphonespeakers to your Raspberry Pi, it is a sum up of several weeks Ive spent trying to find a stable solution. I took time to mention relevant and exhaustive information, so you dont need to go through all Google results and workarounds that I already read and tested with no success. If you are here for curiosity, know that the post is quite long, so make yourself comfortable. Lets start first with some important information Raspbian uses Blue. Z as Bluetooth stack. Blue. Z deals with pure Bluetooth tasks pairingconnectionSo, Blue. Z needs additional SW components for audio management. First Linux audio manager that comes to mind is ALSABut, Blue. Z v. 5. 0 doesnt support ALSA anymore. Instead, Blue. Z is now using Pulse. Audio 5. 0And, Pulse. Audio still uses ALSAAgainBefore Blue. Z ALSANow Blue. Z Pulse. Audio ALSAQ What does this mean in command lineAll Blue. Z tutorials and tips where you see ALSA commands aplay, arecord, are now useless. Thats not all the story AgainA2. DP Blue. Z Pulse. Audio 5 ALSAHSP Blue. Z Pulse. Audio 6 ALSAHFP Blue. Z o. Fono Pulse. Audio 6 ALSAFor those who dont know the difference between A2. DPHSPHFP A2. DP, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile, for high audio quality, as normal speakers. E. g. Music streaming. HSP, Headset Profile, the device exchanges inout audio and some basic AT commands. E. g. Vo. IP call. HFP, Hands Free Profile, the device acts as a phone, so it exchanges audio inout and telephony commands. E. g. Hands Free mode in car. Ill do it in that incremental order, A2. DP, then HSP, and last HFP. After this long synopsis, lets put the pieces together. Step 0 Start with a clean base. I recommend starting with a fresh Raspbian Jessie, in order to avoid any existing configuration files, the need to purge packages, etc. Updateupgrade it sudo apt get updatesudo apt get upgradesudo apt get autoremovesudo reboot. Check the versions of packages dpkg l pulseaudio. Version 5. 0 1. WARNING Raspbian repository is still using Pulse. Audio 5dpkg l bluez. Version 5. 2. 3 2rpi. WARNING Raspbian repository is now using Bluez 5. These small details can save you lot of time. Raspbian Jessie out of box supports only A2. DP with Pulse. Audio. BluezPulse. Audio link is done by the module pulseaudio module bluetooth apt get it if neededsudo apt get install pulseaudio module bluetooth. Qxdm Software For Windows 7. At this line we have everything to set up A2. DP profile connection. Step 1 Connect the Bluetooth headset A2. DPMost of the time GUI Bluetooth tools will do it, but regarding all the core changes I mentioned above for each layer, I personally dont advice you to use anyone, I tested Blueman, Blue. Devil not only it will not work, but you will not get any information or logs about the errors. So I will show you how to do it using bluetoothctl part of Blue. ZTip Use dedicated console for Bluetooth and keep it open. Start bluetoothctl. Turn on Bluetooth controller power on. Start the agent agent on. Request default agent default agent. Turn on the headset, for mine I press and hold till I see the white blinking LED. Start the scan scan on. After some seconds, you will see the headset name and MAC address. Pair it pair xx xx xx xx xx xx. Trust it trust xx xx xx xx xx xx. Connect it connect xx xx xx xx xx xx. If, at this stage, the headset is still connected, you are very lucky. If the headset is disconnected right after connection, this is the normal problem. Q How to know that the headset is disconnected Mine emits 2 short beeps. You can also see it in the console CHG Device xx xx xx xx xx xx Connected no. Check current processes running PA instancesps aux grep pulseaudiopi         9. S    0. 9 3. 5   0 0. S   1. 1 0. 2   0 0. Great, the problem is that no Pulse. Audio daemon is running, so start one pulseaudio startIn other cases, the problem can be the opposite, you will find that Pulse. Audio was started and monopolized by other services. Ill talk about this later at the end of the postNow try again to connect the headset, it should work this time. Lets go back to Pulse. Audio, display current sound cards. Youll find two, the built in one of Raspberry Pi, and the headset one bluezcard. Two things to know about Pulse. Audio Sinks The audio outputs. Sources The audio inputs. To see them pacmd list sinkspacmd list sources. We want that the headset becomes default sink pacmd set default sink bluezsink. Download and play a sound, you will hear it from the headphone P tmppaplay tmph. In the beginning, the Universe was created. This made a lot of people very angry, and has been widely regarded as a bad move. The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. Step 2 Ongoing Connect the Bluetooth headset HSPAs said before, HSP profile is supported with Pulse. Audio 6 and newer. The only solution that I see here is to build Pulse. Audio from Git sources. ONGOING WORK Im currently trying to build Pulse. Audio by following official instructions here https www. SoftwarePulse. AudioDocumentationDeveloperPulse. Audio. From. Git As soon as I do it properly, Ill post it. If you did it, please share your steps Update 0. Im able to build Pulse. Audio from sources with some limitations, see below instructions FYI, I tried Arch Linux ARM, dont waste your time, Bluetooth support is NOK too. I choose to build the version 6 to avoid unwanted new features that may need extra work and dependencies. This method was done with the latest Raspbian Jessie Lite 2. This version comes without pre installed Pulse. Audio, but if you are using the default Raspbian image or the one installed with NOOBS, purge it sudo apt get purge pulseaudio. Start as usual by updatingupgrading the system sudo apt get updatesudo apt get upgrade. Download the sources from Freedesktop. Unzip and go to the directory tar xvf pulseaudio 6. Run bootstrap script. I will sum up here all errors I encountered in case people search them by copypaste. Install A Tub Drain Stopper'>Install A Tub Drain Stopper. Unable to find libltdl version 2. Makes sure you have libtool 2. Use without caps to disable capabilities support. No package json c found. No package sndfile found. So install all above libraries sudo apt get install intltool libtool libcap dev libjson. The script should now ends correctly, and in the command line you can see a table of the configuration done, with enableddisabled parts. On my side udev, bluez. X1. 1, systemd, were not enabled, so I installed additional libraries sudo apt get install libudev dev libsbc dev libbluetooth dev libx. Re do the. bootstrap, now missing parts are enabled. Then, make and install PA6 this will take some time, take a coffee. The last command to avoid some errors of shared libs not found. After this you can start PA daemon pulseaudio Dorpulseaudio start. Check if it is running ps aux grep pulse. Start another command line window and connect your headset like explained for A2. DP before. Go back to the first command line and window check existing audio cards pacmd list cards. Your headset should be here as second card bluezcard. You can see all information, including supported profiles a.